注意:每种功能只记几种例句即可。

一、 要求：考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词（标点符号不计算在内）的应用性短文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等。考生在答题卡2上作答。满分10分。

注意事项：

1）格式：称呼，结尾，署名

2）简明扼要，清楚明确。

3）遵照要求，内容齐全。

4）言语得体，真心诚意。

二、备忘录

备忘录是一种录以备忘的公文。在公文函件中，它的等级是比较低的，主要用来提醒、督促对方，或就某个问题提出自己的意见或看法。在业务上，它一般用来补充正式文件的不足。它的内容可以分为以下几项：

书端（Heading）

收文人的姓名、头衔、地址（Addressee's Name, Title, Address）

称呼(Salutation)

事因(Subject)

正文（Body）

结束语（Complimentary Close）

署名（Signature）

写作注意事项

1、书端部分包括发文机关的名称、地址、发文日期，有的还包括电报挂号、电传号、电话号码等。许多机关有自己特制的信笺，在写书端时，其格式和标点符号的使用与一般信件的相同。

2、称呼从左边顶格写起，对一般机关、团体的负责人一般用 Dear Sir， 对政府官员可用Sir。

3、正文、结束语和署名等项与一般信件的格式相同。“事因”一项目前采用得较少。

范文

Directions: Write a memorandum of about 100 words to the student service department and ask them to fix a telephone for each dormitory.

MEMO

August 16, 2005

To: The leader of student service department

From: Li Ming

Subject: Telephone

Dear Sir,

I would like to remind you that we are in want of a telephone for each dormitory. As a university student, we need to cope with the daily increasing communications with teachers, friends and people outside the campus.

We need a telephone to get and send message, which is important for us. Though most of us have mobile phones and e-mail address, a telephone in the dormitory is after all the most convenient and cheapest tool of communication. I hope that you will pay attention to this problem and solve it as soon as possible.

Regards. 　　

Yours,　　

Li Ming

　　三、摘要

文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘要为“Abstract”，而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。

通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数，包括摘要部分不超过1万字。而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。因此写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。

国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字-500字。而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨。语言上要求尽量简炼。摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。

科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间，使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，能独立成文，使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。写摘要时，最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句，文长一般不超过200个词。

英文摘要分类

摘要分陈述性的（Descriptive）和资料性的（Informational）两类。陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题，不介绍内容。资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。它可以包括三个组成部分：

①点明主题，解析文章或书籍的目的或意图；

②介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌；

③提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。

英文摘要常见句型

1）This paper deals with...

2）This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc)...

3）This eassy presents knowledge that...

4）This thesis discusses...

5）This thesis analyzes...

6）This paper provides an overview of...

7)This paper elaborates on ...

8）This article gives an overview of...

9）This article compares...and summarizes key findings.

10）This paper includes discussions concerning...

11)This paper presents up to date information on...

12)This article covers the role of chemicals in...

13)This paper addresses important topics including...

14)This paper touches upon...

15)This paper strongly emphasizes...

16)This eassy represents the preceedings of ...

17)This article not only describes...but also suggests...

18)This paper considers...

19)This paper provides a method of ...

20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...

摘要题型写作要点：

① 动笔之前，考生一定要认真仔细地阅读所给原文，弄懂原文大意，掌握原文要点。

② 摘要的长度一般是原文的四分之一或五分之一，考试时应遵守规定的字数限制。

③ 在做摘要时考生切忌照搬原文。

④ 摘要应与原文的观点保持一致，并且仍按原文的逻辑顺序排列。

⑤ 重点反映主要观点，删除细节。

⑥ 简化从句，用简短的语句代替冗长的语句。

⑦ 检查与修改时，考生应重点检查是否遗漏了原文的要点或包含了细节。

摘要题型写作实例

① 试题题目

Directions: Study the following essay carefully and write a summary in about 80 words.

We continue to share with our remotest ancestors the most tangled and evasive attitudes about death, despite the great distance we have come in understanding some of the profound aspects of biology. We have as much distaste for talking about personal death as for thinking about it; it is an indelicacy, like talking in mixed company about venereal disease or abortion in the old days. Death on a grand scale does not bother us in the same special way: we can sit around a dinner table and discuss war, involving 60 billion volatilized human deaths, as though we were talking about bad weather; we can watch abrupt bloody death every day, in color, on films and television, without blinking back a tear. It is when the numbers of dead are very small, and very close, that we begin to think in scurrying circles. At the very center of the problem is the naked cold deadness of one’s own self, the only reality in nature of which we can have absolute certainty, and it is unmentionable, unthinkable. We may be even less willing to face the issue at first hand than our predecessors because of a secret new hope that maybe it will go away. We like to think, hiding the thought, that with all the marvelous ways in which we seem now to lead nature around by the nose, perhaps we can avoid the central problem if we just become, next year, say, a bit smarter.

② 原文要点：

1. continue to have the most confused ideas of death like predecessors

2. avoid talking about death

③ 参考摘要：

People dislike talking about death because they just like their predecessors still have the vaguest ideas of the issue. They talk about death only when million upon millions of people are killed in war. When they find only very few people die each time and the death rates are almost equal, they become very anxious, thinking that next time they themselves will meet their doom. Therefore, they fear very much. However, they have a hope that when they control nature, they can avoid death.(84 words)

　　四．信件

开头与结尾用语

开头：Dear Sir, Dear Madam, Dear sir or Madam, Dear President, Dear Sales Manager, Dear Dean, Dear Professor, To whom it may concern, Dear Mr. Smith,

结尾：Yours faithfully, Yours truly, Yours, Yours sincerely, Best regards, Best wishes, lovingly yours, sincerely yours,

正文第一句

朋友：Hi! How are you?

Hello! I hope everything is fine.

Hi! How is everything going?

如不认识：I was a guest at your hotel from June 25 to 28.

I am a student at your college, enrolled in the computer course.

致谢：Thank you for your invitation to the international medical conference on October 11.

Thank you for your letter dated October 11.

解释写信原因：I am writing to advise you for the loss of my credit card.

I’d like to inquire about course details.

I am writing to complain about/of the poor service at your restaurant.

结尾段

发出请求：I am looking forward to your prompt reply.

Please reply to us at your earliest convenience.

表达歉意：once again, I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.

Please accept my apologies once again.

提出投诉：I expect to hear from you very soon.

Please give this matter your immediate attention.

　　常用信件写作介绍

投诉信

开头：自我介绍，交代投诉内容，表明本信的目的和要求

正文：说明情况，讲清利害，分析利弊。告诉对方你因此受到的伤害或不便，提出解决问题的建议，表明希望如何处理。

结尾：表达希望问题得到迅速恰当解决的强烈愿望。希望尽快得到满意的答复。

常用句型：

I am writing to you to complain about….

I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with/at…

I beg to call your attention to the fact that…

I wish to refer you to an incident which occurred…, calling for some remedial action.

I very much regret to have to inform you that…

I am totally/completely disappointed/upset to find…

I find it awful/quite distressing that…

My experience in…on…(date) shocked me. I can hardly put up with it.

There are some problems with the … that I wish to bring to attention. For one thing, there is…. For another, …..

I can hardly stand/bear/tolerate/put up with it any more.

To improve the situation/solve the above problem, it is advisable for you to take the following measures:…

I look forward to a day when we could really enjoy a more efficient service.

I hope that the above situation will be improved as soon as possible.

If it is not properly settled, I would ask you to give my money back, or I would complain to the Consumer’s Association.

I request you to be kind enough to solve the problem as soon as possible.

应注意：

礼貌用词，不能过激。

提出希望/要求，句型要多样化。

反映问题集中，不要联想其他。

Ex. 1

Last Saturday, you ate at a restaurant and found a fly in one of the dishes you ordered. Write a letter of complaint to the manager of the restaurant and offer your suggestions on this problem.

　　咨询信、请求信、说明信

开头：简要告知身份，表明写信原因或请求

正文：详细阐明询问、请求的具体内容、希望获得的信息。说明信应写明原因、实情及希望对方做些什么。强调所需信息/帮助的重要性。（按要求）

结尾：表达谢意，希望得到对方回复、帮助或合作。

常用句型：

I would like to inquire about some information concerning/regarding….

I am writing in the hope that you can…

I am writing because I would like to…

Needless to say, your approval of my request will be beneficial not only to myself but to the company.

Could you tell me what I have to do to…

It is sincerely requested that you…

My first question is that …

Should I need to send further materials, please let me know.

If additional information is required, please advise me at your early convenience.Should I send you copies of my qualification in advance?

I would be much obliged to you if you could let me know the procedures I have to go through.

Your prompt and favorable attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated.

Please render me some valuable advice which is conducive to my final decision.

I am looking forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.

应注意：

请求内容/信息一定要详尽，具体。

语气要客气，委婉。

语言直接，具体，简明。

Ex2. For some reason, you need to borrow a book from a classmate. Write a letter to him or her to describe the book you want to borrow, specify by when the book will be returned, and express your gratitude.

　　道歉信。

开头：简单交代对何事进行道歉。

正文：解释事情发生的原因，消除误会或矛盾。

结尾：再次表示遗憾何歉意，表明愿意补救的愿望，提出建议或安排。

常用句型：

I must apologize to you for…

I am very sorry that..

I regret to inform you that I will not be able to…

I am afraid what I have done has caused many inconveniences to you.

I sincerely hope you understand that I offended you quite unintentionally.

I believe you can understand that I have not intended to hurt you.

I owe you an apology.

It is my fault.

I am to blame for this unpleasant thing.

Please pardon/excuse/forgive me.

I sincerely hope that you will kindly accept my apologies.

I will try my utmost not to make such a stupid mistake again.

I trust the settlement of the matter will meet your wishes.

I hope you will kindly forgive my lapse of attention.

I am so sorry to have put you to/into so much trouble.

应注意：

事情原委要解释清楚。

说明情况与理由，实事求是，简明扼要。

态度诚恳。

用词委婉，语气温和，得体。

Ex.

You have invited a friend over to have dinner with you one night, but just before the dinner you received an urgent phone call from your office and you had to leave immediately. Write a letter of apology to your friend.

　　感谢信

开头：表达谢意，提及受到的帮助。

正文：回忆该帮助，高度评价/赞扬对方，表达当时的心情感受。

结尾：再次表达谢意，提出回报希望。

常用句型：

I am grateful/thankful to you for…

I am much obliged to you for your help.

I shall always appreciate the assistance you have given me.

I am writing to express my thanks to you for the many kindnesses you showed me when I was in hospital.

It was most thoughtful and generous of you to send me such a beautiful and fancy gift.

Thoughtful considerate considerable

It’s very kind of you to help us.

I hope you can know how much I appreciate your hospitality and your many kindnesses to me. Hostility

But for your help, I would not..

If it had not been for your timely assistance, I am afraid that..

Thanks from the bottom of my heart for…

With thanks from every one of us and best wishes to you.

Again, I would like to express our warm thanks to you.

I shall be pleased to reciprocate your favor when the opportunity arises.

应注意：

开头要直截了当。

表明诚意，避免空洞。

态度热情

Ex.

You got sick just a week before the final examinations and were sent to a hospital. One nurse treated you very well and you recovered soon. Write a letter of appreciation to the nurse (Miss Smith).

Dear Miss Smith,

I was just at your hospital when I got sick before the final examinations. First, I thanks for you could treat me very well and let me recovered soon. If it had not been for your timely assistance, I’m afraid that I couldn’t pass the exam.

Thank you for the bottom of my heart for your help and service.

Dear Miss Smith,

I hope you can know how much I appreciate your kindnesses you showed me when I was in hospital.

I got sick just a week before the final examination. I was so worried that I couldn’t take part in the examination. It was just you that encouraged me to face the illness bravely. So I recovered soon, and I got good results in my final examination. If it had not been for your timely assistance, I am afraid I can’t have recovered so soon and achieved such good results.

Again, I would like to express my thanks to you.

Sincerely yours,

Dear Miss Smith,

I am writing to express my thanks to you for the many kindnesses you showed me when I was in hospital.

If it had not been for your timely assistance, I am afraid that I would be still in hospital now. I got sick just a week before the exam. You treated me well and I recovered soon. Now I pass the exam. But for your kindness help, I would not have passed the exam.

Again, I would like to express my warm thanks to you. I shall be pleased to reciprocate your favor when the opportunity arises.

Yours sincerely,

Dear Miss Smith,

I was a patient of yours one week ago, and I write the letter to you to show my appreciation for your help.

It was near the final exam then, and without your hospitable and generous help, I couldn’t have recovered so soon, let alone to get a high mark on the exam. I shall always appreciate the help you’d offered me and I shall be pleased to reciprocate your favor when opportunity arises.

Again, I would like to express my warm thanks to you.

Best wishes,

Sincerely yours,

　　邀请信

开头：开门见山，说明目的。

正文：邀请内容（活动性质，地点，时间，日期），有关要求与希望。

结尾：重申对方参加的重要性，希望尽快回复。

常用句型：

I should be much pleased if you would come to our party on Friday the 15th at 6.

I am pleased to invite you to participate in …to be held from…to…. in..

I feel it a great honor if you could..

It is my pleasure/a great honor for me to invite you to…

We would be greatly honored if you could come…

I am writing to invite you to…

I am particularly anxious to have you join us.

It’s a long time since I have had the pleasure of seeing you and I do hope you can come.

We hope that you can come and look forward to seeing you.

I will cover all the expenses involved.

应注意：

用词清晰，简明。

邀请内容清楚

　　求职信

开头：说明信息来源，表明写信目的

正文：提供个人资料，询问相关问题。

结尾：表达愿望，提供联系方式，表示感谢。

常用句型：

I have read your advertisement in…for a (position/post), and should be grateful if you could consider me favorably as an applicant for the position.

I wish to apply for the post mentioned in your advertisement in yesterday’s newspaper.

I wish to apply for a position with your company.

I myself like the job very much and I think my personality is well suited to working as a ….

Honest, trust-worthy, reliable, enthusiastic, diligent, bright, smart, careful, patient, responsible, efficient, productive, versatile, open-minded, optimistic,

I am confident that my experience and ability will show you that I can fulfill the particular requirement of your position.

Born in…in.., I graduated from….University majoring in ….. I have been working in…since my graduation, and I have therefore attained a fair knowledge and experience in this field.

Upon graduation, I first worked as … The following job was …. And currently I am working for…

I intend to give up my present post in order to get a more challenging opportunity.

With the kind of experience I have accumulated, I would expect a salary of not less than 4,000.

I shall be very much obliged if you will offer me an opportunity for an interview.

I am looking forward with great interest to hearing from you soon regarding my application.

应注意：

适当展示自己（经历，才能）

不要言他

语言明确清楚，流露自信。

　　推荐信

开头：开门见山，表明关系。

正文：称赞被推荐人（举例说明），客观介绍其相关能力，突出表现、性格与人品

结尾：作出保证，提出希望，表示感谢。

常用句型：

I am very glad to recommend you a former student of mine, Mr./Miss… to be a candidate for…

I am writing to recommend…

I have great pleasure to provide a letter for recommendation for Mr./Miss…

With reference to your advertised position, I have the pleasure to say that he is the just person you are looking for.

He has proved to be industrious, responsible and skillful in carrying out his assignment.

Besides being thoroughly honest and reliable he showed an unusual quickness and ability in…

I hope the above information will help you to know…

If you need any further information about his qualification, please do not hesitate to contact me.

If further information about him/her is required, please do not hesitate to let me know/contact me

In view of his/her previous achievements in…, I am firmly convinced that Mr./Miss.., will make a successful graduate student/staff member.

I would be most grateful if you would consider my recommendation and kindly offer him a…

应注意：

1）开门见山，简明扼要。

举例说明，客观叙述。

　　表扬信

开头：身份简介，提及感谢的人，事。

正文：叙述经过，详细介绍值得表扬之处，表达感受

结尾：提出祝愿与希望

常用句型：

I am writing to tell you how highly I think of…

I am writing because I appreciate very much what Mr./Miss…from your company has done.

I am greatly impressed by….

What he has done shows that…

He deserves praise for what he has done.

I am greatly inspired by…

It is your good service as well as excellent food that help you set up a world reputation.

For this reason, I am writing to express my heartfelt thanks and hope that your company will have a brighter future.

应注意：

叙述经过，明确具体。

上升到一个高度。

语言诚恳。

　　祝贺信

开头：开门见山，说明消息来源

正文：回忆过去，表明感受，展望未来，提出建议。

结尾：表达祝愿

常用句型：

What exciting/thrilling news!

It’s good/sensational news.

I was delighted/thrilled to hear/to receive the news that ….

It’s the most joyful news I have heard for a long time.

I congratulate you on/upon your success.

Congratulations and all good/best wishes.

Please accept my heartiest congratulations on…

Permit me to congratulate you…

We want you to know how happy we were when…

It gave me a great deal of pleasure to learn…

Wish you all the happiness in the world.

I hope you will have nothing but joy and happiness in your life/career.

All the luck in the world to you!

Best of luck to you!

范文：

Ex. 1

Last Saturday, you ate at a restaurant and found a fly in one of the dishes you ordered. Write a letter of complaint to the manager of the restaurant and offer your suggestions on this problem

Dear manager,

I was a guest/customer at your restaurant last Saturday. I wish to refer you to the incident that happened that day, calling for your immediate attention to the matter.

It shocked me when I found a fly in a dish in the middle of our meal. I could hardly bear it. I felt sick. If it happens again, I am convinced that no one will come to eat here any more. It is advisable for you to tidy up/ clean up your kitchen as soon as possible.

Please give me your immediate attention to this matter.

Sincerely yours,

***

Ex2. For some reason, you need to borrow a book from a classmate. Write a letter to him or her to

describe the book you want to borrow,

specify by when the book will be returned, and

express your gratitude.

Dear Jones,

I am writing to ask for your help in lending me a book.

Recently I’ve been busy preparing my graduate thesis, and therefore have been reading and researching numerous books and references. One of the books that my advisor believes to be particularly relevant to my thesis is called The Legal System in Society. Unfortunately I have been unable to find it at the library or in any bookstores. Do you happen to have this book? If so, may I borrow it? I promise to take good care of it and will return it to you within three days.

Thank you very much. I hope to hear from you soon.

Sincerely yours,

Li Ming

练习题：

Ex.1

You live in a room in college which you share with another student. You find it very difficult to study there because he or she always has friends visiting. They have parties in the room and sometimes borrow your things without asking you. Write a letter to the Accommodation officer at the college and ask for a new room next term. You should prefer a single room. Explain your reasons.

Ex. 2

Your classmate and close friend, Jack, has just passed the graduate entrance examination and is going to study at a famous university in another city. Write a letter of congratulation to him.

Ex. 3

You stayed with a local family when you attended a training program in UK. You returned to your home country in a hurry and found that you had left your laptop in the family. Write a letter to the family, thanking them for their hospitality. Describe the computer and where it is and ask the host to send it back to you.

Ex. 4

You are a college student who applies for a part-time job in a shop during the summer vacation. Write a letter to the shop owner explaining why you are a suitable person for the job. Remember to ask him or her about the rate of payment.

Ex. 5

You are a college student who applies to a university for an MA degree program of the major “Life Science”. Introduce yourself and state out the reasons. Ask them to send the necessary information concerning the course.

写作注意事项：

1.审题要认真

短文的标题是对全文的高度概括。通过认真审题来确定标题的核心词或者说关键词,依此来整理思路。因此,考生看到试题后绝对不能提笔就写,而是应该认真审题,看清题目的要求和提示,充分利用题目所提供的信息、关键词所圈定的范围,在确立主题后再动笔。

如从标题 The Misery of Shyness 中得知,考生不但要解释说明 Shyness ,更重要的是要突出由 Shyness 带来的Misery 。至此,短文要重点阐述带来了什么Misery 。

2.文体要统一

正式文体的文章不宜用非正式的语句。有些考生在一篇很正式的议论文中用以下的句子做结语 OK, this is what I want to say.或是That’s my opinion. Do you agree with me？等等,使文章显得不伦不类。

3.主题要突出

标题如果是 Pollution from Cars 或 Air Pollution ,以下段落的阐述显得有些赘述 1 Part of this problem is the world’s exploding population. 2 A growing population undoubtedly means more factories polluting the air. 3 Besides, land and water pollution has also increased. 4 Pollution is, in fact, threatening our health, our happiness, and our civilization.尤其是第三句,还有点跑题。

4.文字要连贯

一篇好文章要注重连贯性。连贯性主要体现在句子与句子、段落与段落的衔接上,这种衔接要通过过渡词语来实现,以达到文章通顺,语言流畅。例如 It is clear that television news can vividly bring into us dramatic events of importance, such as wars, games and soon, but it can not cover important stories in detail they may deserve because of its time limitation. On the contrary, print news excels in its ability to devote as much space to a story as it sees fit, though it can not compete with television visually. Besides, television is essentially a passive medium. Such as, but, because of, on the contrary, though, besides 这些过渡词把句子从语义上连接起来,形成一个有机的整体,读起来犹如行云流水,自然酣畅。

5.内容要一致

要删除多余的词语,否则, 一是破坏了文章的一致性, 二是有凑字数之嫌。如

1 Scientists fear that nuclear energy will one day destroyus.2 They say that the explosion of a nuclear bomb can kill millions of people and cause disease and deformity in later generation.3 Because of limited energy resources, scientists are studying the possibilities of nuclear power.4 And any failure from a nuclear plant may cause enormous damage to the affected area5 What’s more, up to now people have not discovered a safe way to dispose of radioactive wastes.

本段中的第三句与主题不符, 也与第二和第四句不连贯, 应删除。

6.表达方式要多样化

词、句型使用的多样化不仅给文章增加了色彩和可读性,与此同时也可反映考生的词汇量和语言掌握的程度等。为避免文章平淡、呆板, 可使用不同的句式强调句、倒装句、否定句等等。长短句使用合理相间,用短句表达有力的结论,用长句体现严密的逻辑关系。考生在举例说明的段落中尤其要注意词语的多样性。

7.考点要覆盖全

无论是什么形式的写作都有写作内容上的要求,一般为三个方面。考生在动笔前一定要看清写作内容上的要求,以确保文章覆盖所有考点。

8.语言要流畅

评分标准已清楚地告诉考生文章要语言流畅、字句通顺、表达准确, 这是得高分的基础。

Last year the public spent two hundred million pounds on pet food alone, to say nothing of animal care bills and furniture.1 It is difficult not to feel resentful about this when one considers what the same amount could do for victims of starvation and poverty,2 and it is not unusual for me to get hot under the collar when I read about another old person who has left all his ／her money to a dog or cat home.

这两句在表达意义上用词十分到位,随着两个 when 引导的状语从句内容的递进,主句对表现气愤程度的加强通过用词的不同而表达得淋漓尽致；排比结构的运用使观点更加明确在1 中 It is difficult not 和 to feel resentful about this 与2 中的 it is not unusual 和 to get hot under the collar 词语表达极其准确。这需要考生在平时大量阅读文章时多注意积累好的语言表达。

9.首尾要呼应

上述几项被阅卷者称为闪光点 ,即加分的因素。除此而外, 更重要的一点是要注意文章的完整性,即首尾要呼应。

10.检查要到位

这个重要环节往往被考生忽略不计,而因为少了这个环节所造成的后果真可谓是功亏一篑。在阅卷过程中,时不时会发现 ourself、thinked、the person who are… ,而这些会酿成不良后果的错误完全可在一两分钟的时间内检查、修改完成。所以, 在写完短文后, 要耐心地再读一遍.