考生注意事项
1．考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则，得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。
2．答题前，考生应将答题卡上的“考生姓名”、“报考单位”、“考试语种”、“考生编号”等信息填写清楚，并与准考证上的一致。
3．全国硕士研究生入学考试英语分为试题（一）、试题（二）。
4．本试题为试题（一），共4页（1～4页）。考生必须在规定的时间内作答。
5．试题（一）为听力部分。该部分共有A、B、C三节，所有答案都应填写或填涂在答题卡1上。A、B两节必须用蓝（黑）圆珠笔答题，注意字迹清楚。C节必须用2B铅笔按照答题卡上的要求填涂，如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。
6．听力考试进行时，考生应先将答案写或标记在试题上，然后在听力部分结束前专门留出的5分钟内，将答案整洁地誊写或转涂到答题卡1上。仅写或标记在试题上不给分。
Section Ⅰ
Listening Comprehension Directions: This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions th at accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C. Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers i n your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1. Now look at Part A in your test booklet. Part A Directions: For Questions 1-5, you will hear an introduction about the life of Margaret Welc h. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you've heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word o r number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)
Welch's Personal Information
Place of Birth Philadelphia
Year of Birth 1901
Transfer to Barnard University (Year) 1920
Major at University 1
Final Degree PhD
Year of Marriage 1928
Growing Up In New Guinea Published (Year) 2
Field Study in the South Pacific (Age) 3
Main Interest 4
Professorship at Columbia Started (Year) 5
Death (Age) 77
Part B Directions: For questions 6-10, you will hear a talk by a well-known U.S.journalist. While you listen, complete the sentences or answer the questions. Use not more than 3 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the sentences and questions below. (5 points)
Besides reporters, who else were camped out for days outside the speaker's home?
6
One reporter got to the speaker's apartment pretending to pay
7
The speaker believed the reporter wanted a picture of her looking
8
Where is a correction to a false story usually placed?
9
According to the speaker, the press will lost readers unless the editors and the
news directors 10
Part C Directions: You will hear three pieces of recorded material. Before listening to each one, you will have time to read the questions related to it. While listening, answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D. After listening, you will have time to check your answers. You will hear each piece once only. (10 points)
Questions 11 - 13 are based on a report about children's healthy development. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 11 - 13.
11. What unusual question may doctors ask when giving kids a checkup next time?
［A］ How much exercise they get every day.
［B］ What they are most worried about.
［C］ How long their parents accompany them daily.
［D］ What entertainment they are interested in. 12. The academy suggests that children under age two . ［A］ get enough entertainment.
［B］ have more activities.
［C］ receive early education.
［D］ have regular checkups. 13. According to the report, children's bedrooms should .
［A］ be no place for play.
［B］ be near a common area.
［C］ have no TV sets.
［D］ have a computer for study.
Questions 14 - 16 are based on the following talk about how to save money. You now have 15 seconds to read Questions 14 - 16. 14. According to the speaker, what should one pay special attention to if he wants to save up? ［A］ Family debts. ［B］ Bank savings. ［C］ Monthly bills. ［D］ Spending habits.
15. How much can a person save by retirement if he gives up his pack-a-day habit? ［A］ $190,000. ［B］ $330,000. ［C］ $500,000. ［D］ $1,000,000. 16. What should one do before paying monthly bills, if he wants to accumulate wealth? ［A］ Invest into a mutual fund.
［B］ Use the discount tickets.
［C］ Quit his eating-out habit.
［D］ Use only paper bills and save coins. Questions 17-20 are based on an interview with Herbert A. Glieberman, a domestic-relations lawyer. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 17 - 20. 17. Which word best describes the lawyer's prediction of the change in divorce rate? ［A］ Fall. ［B］ Rise. ［C］ V-shape. ［D］Zigzag.
18. What do people nowadays desire to do concerning their marriage? ［A］ To embrace changes of thought.
［B］ To adapt to the disintegrated family life.
［C］ To return to the practice in the '60s and '70s.
［D］ To create stability in their lives. 19. Why did some people choose not to divorce 20 years ago? ［A］ They feared the complicated procedures.
［B］ They wanted to go against the trend.
［C］ They were afraid of losing face.
［D］ they were willing to stay together. 20. Years ago a divorced man in a coMPAny would have . ［A］ been shifted around the country.
［B］ had difficulty being promoted.
［C］ enjoyed a happier life.
［D］ tasted little bitterness of disgrace. You now have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.
THIS IS THE END OF SECTION I
DO NOT READ OR WORK ON THE NEXT SECTION
UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO CONTINUE
绝密★启用前
全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题（二）
National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates (2002)
考生注意事项
1．考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则，得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。
2. 全国硕士研究生入学考试英语分为试题（一）、试题（二）。 3．本试题为试题（二），共11页（5～15页），含有英语知识运用、阅读理解、写作三个部分。英语知识运用、阅读理解A节的答案必须用2B铅笔按要求直接填涂在答题卡1上，如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。阅读理解B节和写作部分必须用蓝（黑）圆珠笔在答题卡2上答题，注意字迹清楚。 4．考试结束后，考生应将答题卡1、答题卡2一并装入原试卷袋中，将试题（一）、试题（二）交给监考人员。 Section II Use of English Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 21. As was discussed before, it was not 22 the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic 23, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 24 of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communications revolution 25 up,beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 26 through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 27 th e 20th-century world of the motor car and the airplane. Not everyone sees that process in 28 . It is important to do so. It is generally recognized, 29 , that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century, 30 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process, 31 its impact on the media was not immediately 32 . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful,and they became “personal” too, as well as 33 , with display becoming sharper and storage 34 in creasing. They were thought of, like people, 35 generations, with the distance between generations much 36 . It was within the computer age that the term“information society” began to be widely used to describe the 37 within which we now live. The communications revolution has 38 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been 39 views about its economic ,political, social and cultural implications. “Benefits” have been weighed 40 “harmful” outcomes. And generalizations have proved difficult. 21. ［A］ between ［B］ before ［C］ since ［D］ later 22. ［A］ after ［B］ by ［C］ during ［D］ until 23. ［A］ means ［B］ method ［C］ medium ［D］ measure 24. ［A］ process ［B］ company ［C］ light ［D］ form
25. ［A］ gathered ［B］ speeded ［C］ worked ［D］ picked 26. ［A］ on ［B］ out ［C］ over ［D］ off 27. ［A］ of ［B］ for ［C］ beyond ［D］ into 28. ［A］ concept ［B］ dimension ［C］ effect ［D］ perspective 29. ［A］ indeed ［B］ hence ［C］ however ［D］ therefore 30. ［A］ brought ［B］ followed ［C］ stimulated ［D］ characterized 31. ［A］ unless ［B］ since ［C］ lest ［D］ although 32. ［A］ apparent ［B］ desirable ［C］ negative ［D］ plausible 33. ［A］ institution ［B］ universal ［C］ fundamental ［D］ instrumental 34. ［A］ ability ［B］ capability ［C］ capacity ［D］ faculty 35. ［A］ by means of ［B］ in terms of ［C］ with regard to［D］ in line with 36. ［A］ deeper ［B］ fewer ［C］ nearer ［D］ smaller 37. ［A］ context ［B］ range ［C］ scope ［D］ territory 38. ［A］ regarded ［B］ impressed ［C］ influenced ［D］ effected 39. ［A］ competitive ［B］ controversial ［C］ distracting ［D］ irrational 40. ［A］ above ［B］ upon ［C］ against ［D］ with Section III Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1 If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses. Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter. “Oh, that's God,” came the reply, “but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor.” If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn't attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chaiman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system. If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that is becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it's the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark. Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don't succeed, give up” or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor. 41. To make your humor work, you should . ［A］ take advantage of different kinds of audience.
［B］ make fun of the disorganized people.
［C］ address different problems to different people.
［D］ show syMPAthy for your listeners. 42. The joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are . ［A］ impolite to new arrivals.
［B］ very conscious of their godlike role.
［C］ entitled to some privileges.
［D］ very busy even during lunch hours. 43. It can be inferred from the text that public services . ［A］ have benefited many people.
［B］ are the focus of public attention.
［C］ are an inappropriate subject for humor.
［D］ have often been the laughing stock.
44. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered .
［A］ in well-worded language.
［B］ as awkwardly as possible.
［C］ in exaggerated statements.
［D］ as casually as possible.
45. The best title for the text may be .
［A］ Use Humor Effectively.
［B］ Various Kinds of Humor.
［C］ Add Humor to Speech.
［D］ Different Humor Strategies. Text 2 Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics-the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much hum an labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves-goals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough ‘commonsense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.” Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicated-than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it. 46. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in . ［A］ the use of machines to produce science fiction.
［B］ the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.
［C］ the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.
［D］ the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.
47. The word “gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means . ［A］ programs. ［B］ experts. ［C］ devices. ［D］ creatures.
48. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can .
［A］ fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.
［B］ interact with human beings verbally.
［C］ have a little common sense.
［D］ respond independently to a changing world. 49. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also . ［A］ make a few decisions for themselves.
［B］ deal with some errors with human intervention.
［C］ improve factory environments.
［D］ cultivate human creativity. 50. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .
［A］ expected to copy human brain in internal structure.
［B］ able to perceive abnormalities immediately.
［C］ far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.
［D］ best used in a controlled environment. Text 3 Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-80, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term. Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past. Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel of car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies-to which heavy industry has shifted-have become more energy-intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed. One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist's commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.
51. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is . ［A］ global inflation. ［B］ reduction in supply.
［C］ fast growth in economy. ［D］ Iraq's suspension of exports.
52. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if .
［A］ price of crude rises. ［B］ commodity prices rise.
［C］ consumption rises. ［D］ oil taxes rise.
53. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries . ［A］ heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.
［B］ income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.
［C］ manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.
［D］ oil price changes have no significant iMPAct on GDP. 54. We can draw a conclusion from the text that . ［A］ oil-price shocks are less shocking now.
［B］ inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.
［C］ energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.
［D］ the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.
55. From the text we can see that the writer seems .
［A］ optimistic. ［B］ sensitive. ［C］ gloomy. ［D］ scared.
Text 4
The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,” a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects-a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen-is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death.” George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten d eath. “It's like surgery,” he says. “We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide.” On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period or dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. “Large numbers of physicians seem un concerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering, ” to the extent that it constitudes “systematic patient abuse.” He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.” 56. From the first three paragraphs, we learn that . ［A］ doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' pain.
［B］ it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives.
［C］ the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide.
［D］ patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide.
57. Which of the following statements its true according to the text?
［A］ Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.
［B］ Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.
［C］ The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.
［D］ A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.
58. According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is . ［A］ prolonged medical procedures.
［B］ inadequate treatment of pain.
［C］ systematic drug abuse.
［D］ insufficient hospital care.
59. Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive" (line 3, paragraph 7)?
［A］ Bold. ［B］ Harmful. ［C］ Careless. ［D］Desperate.
60. George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they . ［A］ manage their patients incompetently.
［B］ give patients more medicine than needed.
［C］ reduce drug dosages for their patients.
［D］ prolong the needless suffering of the patients. Part B
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 poi nts)
Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. 61) One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them 62) The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. 63) The role of natural selection in evolution was form ulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views , and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. 64) They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. It also rais es questions concerning “values.” Who will use a technology and to what ends? 65) Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior, will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
Section IV Writing
66.Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cult ures-Na tional and International”. In the essay you should 1) describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and 2) give your comment on the phenomenon. You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) An American girl in traditional Chinese costume(服装) 参考答案及详解 SectionⅠ Listening Comprehension (20 points) Part A (5 points) 1.sociology 2.1930 3.23 4.religions 5.1954 Part B (5 points) 6.cameramen ∥ camera men 7.a personal visit 8.depressed 9.among advertisements 10.take firm action Part C (10 points) 11.D 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.B 16.A 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.B Section Ⅱ Use of English (10 pints) 21 选A。本题考察对上下文句意的理解。第一句指出：人们常拿二十世纪电视的 发展同十五十六世纪印刷术的普及作比较。第二句承上转折，但在(十五十六世纪到二十世纪)这段时间内发生了许多事，强调两者是不能相提并论的。四个选项都是时间副词，但只 有between…A and …B结构，表示介于某两个时间或地点之间 的时间或地点，此时between=in between adv. 22选D。until表示“直到……才”，在it was not until+时间 that+句子中，句中谓语 动词用一般过去时，句意：直到十九世纪，报纸才成为主要媒介。如果使用by，则句子时态 应 改为完成时，即“by the 19th century the newspaper had become the dominant medium ”。在19世纪之前，报纸已成为主要媒介。而选项A、C均不符合历史事实，报纸就是在19世 纪开始发展成为主要媒体的。 23选C。medium是媒体，媒介的意思，复数形式为media,mass media指大众传媒，大众传 播工具(尤指电视、报纸、无线电等)考生往往熟知media，却不知道其单数形式medium。 24选B。从the pamphlet和the book推断the periodical应该也是和newspaper处于并列关 系。in the company of sth.=together with 表示“与……一起”的意思。全句意思为： 继宣传小册子和书本之后，直到十九世纪，报纸才同杂志期刊一起，成为电子时代之前的主要媒体。 25选B。speed up 不及物动词短语，是“加速”的意思，只有此选项符合题意，全句是说 ，通讯革命也是在19世纪加速发展，从铁路运输开始，经过电报、电话、无线电和动画片， 直到20世纪的摩托车和飞机。gather是“聚集”的意思；work up一般作及物动词短语，如 ：work up a business拓展一家商店，work up the feelings of an audience，煽动听众 情绪；pick up是“拾起，捡起”的意思。 26选A。on表示“进展，向前，继续活动”，是一个持续的状态，与句意“从铁路运输开 始，一直经过一系列的发明(电报、电话……)”相符。短语lead off是“开始”的意思，与 句意不符。 27选D。该句从“the communications revolution”开始的主要骨干为：the revolution speeded up, beginning with …, and leading on through…，…，into the world of … 28选D。短语in perspective=in the right perspective，意指“以正确的观点；正确地 ”，这句话意思是：“并不是每个人都能正确地看待这一进程”。in concept “在概念上 ” ，in effect则指“规则、法律仍在实施中，仍然有效”，或指“in fact,actually”，都 与句意不符。 29选C。从上下文句意推断，上文强调“并不是每个人都能正确地看待这一进程”，这 里却说“二十世纪初电子计算机的出现极大地改变了这一进程，这一观点是大家公认的。” 很显然这里是一种转折关系，只有however符合题意，indeed表示强调，hence和therefore 则是顺承的关系(因此，所以)。 30选B。从上下文时间关系上推断，二十世纪六十年代集成电路的发明②应该是在二十世 纪初电子计算机的使用①之后，因此用“followed by”，而brought by则指②带来①，stimulated by 指②刺激了①的产生，明显颠倒了两者之间的前后关系，chacterized by则是 说②是①的特征，也与事实不符。 31选D。由上下文句意推断，前半句“二十世纪初电子计算机的出现以及二十世纪六十年 代集成电路的发明极大地改变了这一进程，这一点为大家所公认”，是对计算机的肯定，而 后半句“它对媒体的影响并不是立竿见影”，两句之间应是转折的关系，选although。un less “除非”，since “由于”，lest “以免”，都不符合逻辑关系。 32选A。结合上题分析，应选A，即“尽管计算机对媒体的影响并没有立即为人们所认识， 人们却公认……”，选desirable, negative都与上下文逻辑联系相悖，plausible是“可行 的”，与impact “影响”不能搭配。 33选A。institutional(社会机构的；公共场合的)与personal形成相对的关系，意指计算 机不仅为个人广泛使用，也 被社会机构广泛采用。从as well as “推断”，所填单词应与personal “个人化的”形 成一种对应关系，而universal “普遍性的”；fundamental “基础性的”；instrumental “工具性的”，都不能满足这种关系。 34选C。ability一般指有生命的人，动物的能力，capability 指人具体做某事的能力， 含“能否胜任某项工作”的意思，而faculty则指人的才能，能力，如the faculty for lea rning languages “学习语言的才能”，而capacity 可指非生命体的能力，容量，stora ge capacity 指“存储容量，内存大小”。 35选B。这句话意思是说，人们认为，不同时代的电脑就像人一样，也分为一代、二代… …，只是两代电脑之间的相隔时间相对要短得多。in terms of “措词，说法”，by m eans of 则是指“通过……的手段”，with regard to是“鉴于，考虑到”的意思，in lin e with 则是“与……一致”的意思=in agreement with。 36选D。这里考查的是与distance的搭配问题，只有Dsmall能与其搭配，常用的还有a g reat distance, a long/short distance等。 37选A。本题实际上是找一个与“information society”相对应的词，而“信息社会”应 该是指我们所生活的时代、社会背景，而context不仅有我们所熟知的“上下文”之意，也 指某一事件发生的环境、背景。此时context=circumstances, background situation，而 range则指一定的范围，如射程，音域，价格上下浮动范围等。scope指活动范围或观察范围 、眼界等，territory则指领土、领域、区域，都没有环境、背景之意。 38选C。influence意指影响，regard指“注视，视为……”，impress指“给……留下印 象”，而effect作及物动词时指“实现，完成”，只有C符合句意，全句意为“通讯革命影 响了我们的工作和休闲，以及我们的时空观，但是……”。 39选B。由“but”可以推断后半句是承前转折，前半句说“通讯革命不仅影响了我们的工 作和休闲，还影响到我们的时空观”，但即使如此，“人们对其在经济、政治、社会和文化 上的影响依然持……的观点”。competitive 指“竞争性的”，distracting 指“令人分神 的”，irrational 则指“非理智的”，只有contraversial “有争议的”符合上下文句意 ，即在此问题上人们各持己见，说法不一。 40选C。weigh sth. against sth. 是一个短语，表示将两者进行对比，比较，两相权衡 ，尤其是两种相对的事物，如本题的权衡利弊，weigh upon sb./sth. 是“某件事，使某人 产生焦虑，某事沉甸甸地压在某人心头”之意，sth. weigh with sb. 是“某事影响某人， 对某人而言有分量”的意思。 Section Ⅲ Reading Comprehension(50 points) Part A (40 points) Text 1 41选C。题意是：要使你的幽默奏效的话，你应该： Atake advantage of sb. 是“欺骗，捉弄”的意思；Bmake fun of… 是“嘲笑，取笑 ”；C对不同的人谈论不同的问题， 强调要有针对性；D同情你的听众。 本题考查考生对文章第一段的理解，A、B两项仅凭常识也可以排除，再去第一段印证，文中 亦无此含义，而从“Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be dif ferent”。以及下面一句举的两个例子，这里强调的是幽默的针对性，选C。D项为干扰选项 ，虽然文中出现“in sympathy with their point of view”，但并不是“同情”之意，而 是“同意，赞成”之意。 本题题干其实就是第一段大意，只不过换了一种说法而已，考生要培养迅速将问题与文章内 容建立对应转换关系的能力，尤其要注意正确理解段落主干句的含义，如第一段第一句“id entify shared experiences and problems”以及“relevant”就是很好的解题线索。 42选B。题意为：有关医生的玩笑暗指在护士的眼中，医生是： A对新来的人不礼貌；B意识到自己的职责像上帝的职责一样，有强烈的使命感；C享 有某些特权；D即使在午饭时间也很忙。 本题考查考生对第二段的笑话能否充分理解，从表面上看，A、C、D都是正确的，第二段第 四句“Everyone is…polite…until, waiting…for lunch, the new arrival is…pushed aside by…”描述的就是上帝在午餐时间不排队，冲向队伍前面抢先领取午餐的情景，“ 不礼貌”，“有特权”，“繁忙”都似乎是说得通的，但这个笑话的实质并不停留在这一层 面，而是借此形容医生总是有强烈的使命感和责任感，因为医生总是冲到排队等候的病人前 面去为他们看病的。即使考生一时拿不准这个笑话的含义，从A、C、D三个选项都属于同一 层次的描述也可以判断，既然不能同时选A、C、D，答案只能是B。 43选D。题意为：从文中可以推断，公共事业： A造福许多人，B是公众关注的焦点，C不适合作笑料，D常被人拿来作为笑料。首先 用排除法，A、B与本文重点“humor”无关，而从第二段最后一句话“you will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats(替罪羊)，like the Post Office or the telephone system.”可以看出，拿邮局或电信系统这样的公共事业开玩笑是无伤大雅的 ，因此选D。 本题属细节题，需要考生在文中仔细寻找与“public services”相对应的细节，考生如果 不能找到post office与public service之间的逻辑从属关系，这题就很难下手。 44选D。题意是：如果幽默故事要达到期望的效果，应该以什么样的方式讲述。 A以得体的措辞；B尽量不高明地，尴尬地；C夸张；D尽量随意。 本题与第三段有关。第三段说，如果你感觉自己的风趣幽默很不自然，你还得常练习，以使 幽默变得更自然一些，不造作。加进一些“casual、offthecuff(未经准备的，即席的) ”的评论，并以一种“relaxed, unforced”的方式讲述，由这几个关键词可以看出，D为正 确选项。 45选A。题意是要为本文选择一个合适的题目： A有效地使用幽默；B各种各样的幽默；C在言语中加进幽默；D不同的幽默策略 第一、二段讲的是要使幽默奏效，应该有针对性，对不同的听众讲不同的话题，第三段讲的 是怎样讲笑话才能取得最好的效果，因此，排除B、C，而在A、D之间，A比D更准确，更能概括全文的内容，因此选A。 Text 2 46选C。题意是：人类的创造力最初展示在哪个方面： A使用机器产生科学幻想；B在制造业广泛使用机器；C发明工具应付艰险的工作 ；D 精英人才机智地应付危险和枯燥的工作。 本题考生只要正确理解文首第一句话的含义即可，文中并没有强调“the elite(精英人才) ”，只提到“people have devised cunring tools”， 因此排除D，而A、B两项都不符合题中“initially(最初、最早)”这一要求，故而选C。 47选C。本题要判断“gizmos”这一单词的含义，由第一段提到“robotics”，而 “conferting human capabilities on machines”与修饰gizmos的定语从句中“remove, m uch human labor”相照应，联系上下文句意，gizmos应该是与机器人有关，因此排除A、B 、D，选C。这也从gizmos的下面四句举例论述可以看出，如工厂中的机械，银行的自动出纳 终端，地铁的无线机器驾驶员等。 48选D。题意为：人类现在还无法设计一个能〖CD#4〗的机器人。 A强调“fulfill delicate tasks”，第二段最后一句指出，已经有机器人系统，能完成 某些大脑或骨科外科手术，因此排除A；B强调与人进行言语上的交流，第二段第三句则指 出“automated teller terminals”可以“thank us with mechanical politeness”，因 此B亦被排除；C强调“have a little common sense”，从第三段Dave Lavery的话可以 看出，机器人不是没有common sense,而是没有“enough”足够的common sense，排除C，只 有D符合第三段原意，机器人尚不能“reliably interact with a dynamic world”。 49选B。题意为：机器人除了能减少人的劳力之外，还可以： A自己作一些决定；B在人工干预下处理某些错误；C改善工厂环境；D培养人的创造 力。 由第三段第一句可以看出，机器人尚不能“make at least a few decisions for themselves”，故排除A。C、D在文中根本没有出现这样的字眼，可不予考虑，而在第三段中，由“ We know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error”即可推断B项是正确选项。 50选C。题意为，作者举猴子一例，意在证明机器人： A被期望能在内部结构上与人脑相 似；B能立即感知异常；C在关注相关信息上比人脑能力差很多；D最好用于可控的环境。 本题需要考生能迅速在文章中找到相关细节，“Monkey”一词出现在第五段第三句，由“the human mind can…immediately disregard the 98% that is irrelevant, instantaneou sly focusing on the monkey…”，可以看出，这里谈的是人脑能迅速捕捉相关信息，而忽 略无关信息，再由第四句“the most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approa ch that kind of ability”，可以得出，既然最先进的计算机系统都不能有这样的能力， 则正确答案应选C。文中虽然出现“in a controlled factory environment”以及“recognize the error…”这样的字眼，A项也符合事实，但A、B、D三项都与猴子一例无关，可排除A 、B、D。 Text 3 51选B。题意为： 近期油价上涨的主要原因为：A全球通货膨胀；B供应量减少；C经济快速增长；D伊拉克暂停出口。 第一段第二句出现“supplycuts in March”，第一段出现“Iraq suspended oil export s”以及“Strengthening economic growth”，“winter”都可以刺激油价上涨，但只有B 、D是造成近期油价上涨的原因，又从B、D在文中出现的重要性来看，提到“Supplycuts ”时，是和油价从不到10美元升至26美元联系在一起的，而“Iraq's suspension of exports”只与“oil price was given another push up”有关，因此B项更符合题意。 52选D。题意为：从文中可推断，汽油零售价将急剧上涨，如果： A原油价上涨；B商品价上涨；C消费增长；D油税上涨。 本题属细节题，考生需在文章中快速寻找到相关句子，第三段第二～四句可提供相关信 息，第二句首先否定了原油价格对汽油价格的影响，第三句说，税在汽油零售价中占80%的 比例，由此可以得出，油税是决定汽油零售价涨落的主要因素，因此选D，第四句则可以进 一步排除B、C。 53选D。题意为：在“经济观察”上的预计显示，在富裕的国家： A重工业变得更能源密集；B收入的减少主要是由于浮动的原油价格；C制造业已遭受 沉重的负担；D油价变化对GDP影响不大。 本题主要是从第三段后半部分“The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook th at …”找答案，从这句话“if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, … this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 025～05% o f GDP.”即可得出正确选项为D。而“become more evergyintensive”,“be more serio usly squeezed.”都与“oilimporting emerging economies”有关，与题干“rich coun tries”无关，C项则根本与题无关，故选D。 54选A。题意为：从文中我们可得出这样的结论： A油价带来的冲击比过去有所减弱；B通货膨胀与油价冲击无关；C保护能源可降低油 价；D原油价格上涨导致重工业比重降低。 文章通篇都是在论证现在油价上涨带来的冲击 比过去有所减弱，这从主体部分第三、四段的主干句就可以看出，“Yet there are good r easons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 197 0s.” “One more reas on not to lose sleep over the rise…”，同时第四段也点明“inflation”与“oil pri ce shock”是有关系的，因此排除B。第三段第五句只提到“Energy conse rvation”降低了用油量，并没有说可降低油价，故C项不正确，而文中并没有提到原油价格 与重工业比重的关系，D项也可排除，故正确选项为A。 55选A。题意为：从文中可以看出作者的态度是： A乐观的；B敏感的；C担忧的；D恐惧的。参见54题分析，全篇大量分析论证都力图 说服读者，油价上涨并不会给社会带来如石油危机时期那样大的冲击，因此可推断A为正确 选项。 56选B。题意为，从前三段可以看出： A医生过去常增加药剂量以控制病人的病痛；B医生加速垂死的病人结束生命，现在仍 是违法的；C最高法院强烈反对“physicianassisted suicide”；D依据宪法病人无权自杀。 文章前三段都是围绕“physicianassisted”展开的，从第二句可以看出，“尽管最高法 院作出决定，依据宪法“physicianassisted suicide”是违法的，但事实上法院支持“ 双重效果”这一医疗原则。”从这句话的转承语气，可以得出B是正确的，C、D错误，最高 法院并没有强烈反对这种自杀，也没有说病人的任何suicide都是违法的，而从Nancy Duble r的话中也可以看出，医生抱怨的是不能给病人足够的剂量止痛，从而排除A项。故正确选项 为B。 57选C。本题要选出正确的陈述，可用排除法。 A项不正确，从第一段“the Court supported the medical principle of “double effec t”…is permissible if the doctor intends only the good effect.”可以看出，只有 当医生恶意危害病人的生命时才会犯罪。 B项不正确。从第六段“On another level…”可看出，“modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.” 现代医学不但不能帮助一些病危者没有痛苦地恢复，反 而延长了他们临死时的生理上的痛苦。D项不正确。理由同A项。 58选B。题意为：根据NAS的报告，在“临终关怀”中存在的问题之一是： 考生需要快速在文中找到相应段落，第七段“the NAS released a report …”提到 “the twin problems of endoflife care”为“undertreatment of pain”和“aggre ssive use of…procedures….”文中只提到aggressive use of ineffectual and forced medical procedures，故排除A，B项实际上是undertreatment of pain的另一种说法，C、D 为干扰选项， 均不是NAS报告中的内容，故正确选项为B。 59选A。本题考查的是单词词义的理解，aggressive “积极的，进取的，引申为 过度的”，bold “大胆的”，harmful “有害的”，careless “粗心的”，desperate “ 绝望的，严重的”，只有A与aggressive在此处的含义最贴近。 60选D。题意为，George Annas赞同这样的观点，如果医生_________，他们应受到惩罚。第五段，第八段都阐述了Annas的观点，可以看出，Annas坚持医生不应毫无意义地延长病人临终前的痛苦，否则，“painful deaths… should result in license suspension ”(吊销执照)，因此D为正确选项，A、B与题干无关，为干扰选项，C项亦不如D项更贴切准确。 Part B (10 points) 61. 难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎全都依然从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等 方面去寻 找行为的根源。 62.行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的， 部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。 63.自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保护个体行为时 的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。 64.自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责 并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。 65.(如果)这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的唯一 方式可能也随之继续受到排斥。 Section Ⅳ Writing (20 points) 66.参考范文： Cultures-National and International A pretty American girl is presented in this picture. Interestingly, she is neither in Apple Jeans nor in Red Taps nor in anything typically American, rather, she prefers traditional Chinese costume. In my opinion, what the picture conveys is beyond a new fashion trend, it carries cultural implications as well. In the globalization process, to be national or to be international, that is the dilemma for almost every culture. While global economic integration has fostered thorough cultural interchanges and made purely national culture practically impossible, many countries with their distinct national culture still hold a conservative attitude toward being international for fear of losing their own national identity. Admittedly, as it is the reflection of the mentality of a people and the shaper of her literature, national culture is peculiar to her people as priceless spiritual treasure and ought to be cherished and preserved. However, there are also good reasons to advocate an international culture. As the traditional Chinese costume in the picture adds some irresistible oriental glamour to her beautiful features, the embracing of elements from other cultures will surely do great benefit to a culture. The fresh ideas coming in, controversial or even unreasonable as they may seem at first sight, provide a different perspective for us to observe the world, and thus essential to social progress. It is essentially multiculturalism in a society that makes it diverse, colorful, vigorous and open-minded. As the picture presents the thought-provoking question in a light manner, the answer to the question is also implied in it. In my eyes, to be international is undisputedly the better choice if the nation wishes to adopt an open-minded way of progressing.
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