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Exchange Is a Cost-Saving Way to Spend a Year at a U.S. College
Written by Nancy Steinbach
10 August 2005

I’m Barbara Klein with the VOA Special English Education Report.

Over the past year we offered advice to foreign students who want to attend an American college or university.  Today we tell about a way to study in the United States for less time and less money.

The International Student Exchange Program was started in nineteen seventy-nine.  ISEP is a group of colleges and universities around the world.  They cooperate to provide international educational experiences for their students. 

 
Daniel Glushkov is a Bulgarian student who studied at Indiana State University through ISEP.
Two hundred sixty schools in the United States and thirty-five other countries are members of the program.  More than twenty-four thousand students have taken part.

Students can study for up to one year in the United States or any of the other countries involved.  Students do not have to go through the usual application process to get into a school.  And they pay only what they would have to pay for a term at their own school at home.

To take part in the ISEP program, students must attend a member college or university.  Each school has an ISEP coordinator.  This person helps students apply to the ISEP office in Washington, D.C. 

To be accepted, students must have good grades.  They must also provide TOEFL scores.  TOEFL is the Test of English as a Foreign Language.  Students are asked to list up to ten choices of American schools they would like to attend.  Officials at the ISEP office then place students in the openings offered in colleges and universities.

ISEP officials say students who want to study in a foreign country generally do so during their third or fourth year of college.  Students are advised to begin preparations at least one year before they want to experience the program.  Applications must be sent to Washington by February of each year.  The students accepted can then begin their year in the United States in September. 

ISEP officials also have advice for high school students who think they would like to take part in the program during college.  Be sure to attend a college or university that offers the International Student Exchange Program. 

Internet users can get complete information about ISEP at its Web site: wwww.isep.org.  We will have a link at voaspecialenglish.com, where you can find all of our reports.  To find our Foreign Student Series, enter the words "Foreign Student" in quotation marks in the search box.

This VOA Special English Education Report was written by Nancy Steinbach.  I’m Barbara Klein.

Election of 1876: One of the Closest in American History
Written by Frank Beardsley
10 August 2005
 

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VOICE ONE:

THE MAKING OF A NATION -- a program in Special English.

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Ulysses Grant
The two administrations of President Ulysses Grant were noted for their dishonesty. The president himself was not involved directly in any shameful incidents. But he was linked to the trouble, because he was friends with dishonest members of Congress and the cabinet.

I'm Tony Riggs. Today, Jack Weitzel and I tell how grant's problems affected his Republican Party in the presidential election of eighteen seventy-six.

VOICE TWO:

The American people were very disappointed with President Grant. He was the military hero of the Civil War. He had led the Union army of the North to victory over the Confederate army of the South. His popularity dropped, however, during his presidency.

Grant was not an effective political leader. Nor was he able to control the men around him. The American people also were worried about the nation's economic situation. A serious depression had begun during Grant's second term. Many people were out of work. They blamed the ruling Republican Party.

VOICE ONE:

The state and congressional elections of eighteen seventy-four were an important turning point. Republicans were shocked by the results. For the first time in eighteen years, the Democratic Party won control of the House of Representatives. They won one hundred sixty-nine seats. The Republicans won one hundred-nine.

Democrats also won control of twenty-three of the thirty-five state governments. These included several northern states, where people were tired of Republican rule.

VOICE TWO:

Important changes also were made in the south. Democrats won control of southern state governments from radical Republicans.

One of these states was Mississippi. White Democrats there began organizing groups called White Leagues. These groups wanted to prevent blacks from voting for radical Republicans. They started riots in which many blacks were killed. They also used economic power against blacks.

These efforts succeeded. Most blacks were too afraid to vote. The Democrats took control of both the Mississippi legislature and the governor's office. Similar actions, with similar results, took place in other southern states.

VOICE ONE:

As Grant's second term came to an end, he began to talk about the possibility of another four years in the White House.  Republican politicians were firmly opposed. They blamed Grant for the party's defeats in state and congressional elections. Grant had to give up any hope of a third term.

Congressman James Blaine seemed to have the best chance of winning the Republican presidential nomination in eighteen seventy-six.

Blaine had been Speaker of the House of Representatives when the Republicans controlled Congress. He was powerful, and he had many supporters. Some Republican leaders, however, questioned his honesty. Blaine fought this criticism with an emotional speech in Congress.

VOICE TWO:

When the Republican Party convention opened in Cincinnati, Ohio, Blaine was the leading candidate for the presidential nomination. He expected to win the first day.

There was a wild demonstration of support when his name was put before the convention. But before the voting could begin, the lights went out. Some delegates believed Blaine's opponents were responsible. These opponents worked all night to get other delegates to change their support from Blaine to another candidate. When the delegates voted the next
morning, Blaine did not have enough votes to win the nomination.

VOICE ONE:

However, after six ballots, Blaine appeared ready to win. To stop him, his opponents needed to unite behind another candidate. One of these candidates was Rutherford Hayes, the governor of Ohio. Hayes had fewer enemies than the other candidates. So he became the compromise candidate for delegates hoping to stop Blaine.

On the seventh ballot of the convention, Rutherford Hayes captured the Republican nomination.

VOICE TWO:

The Democratic Party met in St. Louis, Missouri. Delegates nominated Samuel Tilden, the governor of New York. Tilden had led the fight to end dishonesty in government in New York state. He had ousted a group called the Tweed Ring, which controlled New York City politics for years. Democrats said he was the man to end dishonesty in government in Washington.

Republicans campaigned by denouncing the Democratic Party. They called it the party of southern rebellion and treason. Instead, they said, vote for the Republican Party...The party that had saved the Union!

Democrats campaigned by attacking Republican dishonesty. They blamed Republicans for the nation's economic problems. And they promised better times for everyone if their candidate was elected.

VOICE ONE:

 
Rutherford Hayes
The presidential election of eighteen seventy-six was very close. By midnight of Election Day, the results seemed to show that Democrat Samuel Tilden was the winner. Republican Rutherford Hayes went to bed believing he had lost.

However, the Republicans quickly saw that the electoral votes of three southern states could decide the winner.

In the American presidential system, whoever wins the most popular votes in a state usually gets all the electoral votes of that state. In eighteen seventy-six, the electoral votes of three states -- Florida, Louisiana and South Carolina -- were enough to give the White House to one candidate or the other.

VOICE TWO:

Each party claimed victory in these three states. Each accused the other of stealing votes and counting ballots unfairly. Finally, the two parties agreed to form an electoral committee to decide who had won the disputed votes.

The committee was supposed to include seven Republicans, seven Democrats, and one Independent. But before it could meet, the Independent member resigned. A Republican took his place. The Republicans had a majority.

VOICE ONE:

The committee first debated the disputed votes of Florida. After much discussion, the eight Republicans on the committee voted to accept the votes of Florida's Republican electors. They rejected a proposal to investigate the way the votes were counted in the state. They said there was not enough time for a full investigation.

The same thing happened with the disputed votes of Louisiana and South Carolina. The Republicans on the committee voted to count the Republican electors. The Democrats voted to count the democratic electors. In each case, the Republicans won, by a vote of eight to seven.

VOICE TWO:

As a result, Rutherford Hayes gained the electoral votes of all three states. This gave him enough to win the election.

Democrats were furious. Democrats in many states began organizing party militia groups. They said they would fight, if necessary, to prevent the Republicans from stealing the presidency.

The situation seemed very tense and dangerous. Many feared the start of another civil war. Negotiations finally provided a peaceful solution.

VOICE ONE:

Representatives of the two parties met secretly to work out a compromise.

The Democrats agreed to permit Republican Rutherford Hayes to be sworn-in as President.  In return, Hayes agreed to end federal support of radical Republican governments in the south. He promised to name southerners to his cabinet and other important jobs. And he said he would provide more federal aid for schools and railroads in the south. As part of the agreement, Hayes promised not to act aggressively to support the civil rights of black southerners.

VOICE TWO:

Hayes' opponent, Democrat Samuel Tilden, did not oppose the agreement. Tilden was an old man. His health was poor. He agreed that four years of Rutherford Hayes would be better than four years of civil war.

So it was that Rutherford Hayes became the nineteenth president of the United States. He would surprise a lot of people after he reached the White House. That will be our story next week.

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VOICE ONE:

You have been listening to the Special English program THE MAKING OF A NATION. Your narrators were Tony Riggs and Jack Weitzel. Our program was written by Frank Beardsley. 

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