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Schools Offer Help for Students Displaced by Hurricane Katrina
Written by Nancy Steinbach
07 September 2005

I’m Barbara Klein with the VOA Special English Education Report.

Students from areas hit by Hurricane Katrina have received offers of help from education officials across the United States.  The storm caused severe damage in Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama when it smashed into the Gulf Coast last week.

Displaced families are spread around the South and around the country at the start of a new school year.  Some are in temporary shelters such as hotels.  Some are with family members.  Others remain in the affected areas but local schools may not even exist anymore.

 
Tulane football players arrive at a Dallas hotel after a team practice on September 5.  Tulane athletic teams displaced from their New Orleans campus by Hurricane Katrina will be based this fall at five different universities. 
In the city of New Orleans, two major universities are closed for the fall semester.  Tulane University says it expects to re-open in the spring of two thousand six.  Until then, the Tulane sports teams will play at five universities in Texas and Louisiana.  Loyola University New Orleans says it will reopen in January.  Its twenty-seven Jesuit sister schools have agreed to accept its students for the fall semester. 

Many colleges and universities across the country have offered to accept students from areas hit by Katrina.  Some including Harvard and Duke have offered free classes and places to live.  Harvard, in Massachusetts, says it will admit twenty-five college students.  Up to twenty-five law students from Tulane and Loyola-New Orleans could also attend Harvard Law School.

Duke University in North Carolina has offered to accept up to seventy-five students into its continuing education division.  They must be from North or South Carolina, or related to someone at the university.  And Duke said they must begin classes by September twelfth.

Some schools say they will collect payments, but will hold the money for the schools that the students normally attend.  The United States Department of Education announced rules to make it easier for displaced students to get financial aid.

There is a cooperative effort among universities to develop online classes for students to take for free over the Internet.  The project involves the Southern Regional Education Board and the Sloan Consortium.

Katrina also displaced a great number of schoolchildren.  Schools around the country quickly began to accept young refugees from the storm.  At the same time, other children around the country have launched their own efforts to help.  To learn more, listen Friday for a report on AMERICAN MOSAIC.

This VOA Special English Education Report was written by Nancy Steinbach.  Our reports are online at voaspecialenglish.com.  I’m Barbara Klein.

Native Americans Went to War to Protect Their Lands
Written by Frank Beardsley
07 September 2005
 

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VOICE ONE:

THE MAKING OF A NATION -- a program in Special English.

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Photographer Edward Curtis shot this image of Teton Sioux Indians in 1907.  It is called "Oglala War-Party."
The American nation began to expand west during the middle eighteen hundreds. People settled in the great open areas of the Dakotas, Utah, Wyoming, and California. The movement forced the nation to deal with great tribes of native American Indians. The Indians had lived in the western territories for hundreds of years.

Settlers and cattle ranchers pushed the Indians out of their homelands. The result was a series of wars between the tribes and the federal government.

I'm Sarah Long. Today, Steve Ember and I tell this story.

VOICE TWO:

At first, the United States government had just one policy to deal with the Indians. It was brutal. Whenever white men wanted Indian land, the tribes were pushed farther west. If the Indians protested, or tried to defend their land, they were destroyed with crushing force.

By the middle eighteen-hundreds, almost all the eastern Indians had been moved west of the Mississippi River. They were given land in Indian territory in what is now the state of Oklahoma. The government described these Indians as "civilized."  This meant they were too weak to cause more trouble. Many agreed to follow the ways of the white men.

VOICE ONE:

The Indians of the western grasslands were different. They refused to give up their way of life. These plains Indians were always on the move, because they hunted buffalo -- the American bison. They followed great groups of the animals across the grassy plains. At that time, there were millions of these animals in the American west.

The Indians of the plains depended on the buffalo for almost everything they needed. Many of them were fierce fighters. The plains Indians did not want white men crossing their hunting lands. They often tried to destroy the wagon trains carrying settlers to California and Oregon.

VOICE TWO:

The United States army was given the job of keeping peace.  Soldiers were sent to build roads and forts in the western plains. They tried to protect the wagon trains from Indian attacks. They tried to keep white settlers from invading Indian lands. There were many fights between the soldiers and the plains Indians. The soldiers had more powerful weapons. They usually won.

VOICE ONE:

Some plains Indians tried to live peacefully with the white men. One such group was part of the Sioux tribe, called Santee Sioux. It was the largest and most powerful group in the west.

The Santee Sioux lived along the northeastern edge of the great plains in what is now the state of Minnesota. They signed treaties with the government giving up ninety percent of their land. The Santee agreed to live in a small area.  In exchange, the United States agreed to make yearly payments to the tribe. This made it possible for the Indians to buy food and other things from white traders.

VOICE TWO:

Trouble started, however, in the summer of eighteen sixty-two. The government was late giving the Indians their yearly payment.  As a result, the Indians lacked the money to buy food. The white traders refused to give the Indians credit to buy food. One trader said: "If they are hungry, let them eat grass."

The Indians were hungry. Soon, their hunger turned to anger. Finally, the local Indian chief called his men together. He gave the orders for war.

Early the next morning, the tribe attacked the trading stores. Most of the traders were killed, including the man who had insulted the Indians.  He was found with his mouth filled with grass.

The governor of Minnesota sent a force of state soldiers to stop the Indian revolt. The soldiers had artillery. They killed several hundred Indians in battle. They hanged several others. Soon, the revolt was over.

VOICE ONE:

 
Chief Red Cloud
Trouble came next to parts of Colorado and Wyoming. This is where the Sioux Indians and the Cheyenne Indians lived. The chief of the Lakota Sioux tribe was named Red Cloud. The Indians fought bitterly to keep white men out of their hunting grounds. After two years of fighting, with many deaths on both sides, the government decided the struggle was too costly. It asked for peace.

The Sioux and the Cheyenne agreed. They were given a large area of land north of Wyoming in the Dakota territory. They also were given the right to use their old hunting lands farther north. The government agreed to close a road used by whites to cross the hunting grounds. And all soldiers were withdrawn from Sioux country.

VOICE TWO:

The war ended and peace came to the Sioux and the Cheyenne.  With peace came a new United States policy toward other Indians of the west. The government decided to put aside an area of land for each tribe. The land was called a "reservation."  Each tribe would live on its own reservation.

Most of the reservations were in Indian territory in what is now the state of Oklahoma. Other reservations were in Dakota near the land of the Sioux.

VOICE ONE:

The government believed it would cost less money and fewer lives to keep Indians on reservations. The Indians would be away from possible trouble with white settlers. Instead of moving freely over the plains to hunt buffalo, the Indians would live in one place. They would receive food and money from the government.

Officials came from Washington to explain this new policy to the Indians. A big meeting was held. Chiefs representing many tribes attended. The chiefs spoke, one after  another, to the government officials.

VOICE TWO:

 
Chief Ten Bears
All of the chiefs said they, too, wished to live in peace with the white men. But many questioned the decision to move to reservations.  One who did so was Chief Ten Bears of the Comanche tribe. He said:

"There are things which you have said to me that I do not like. You said you wanted to put us on a reservation. You said you would build houses for us. I do not want your houses. I was born on the plains where the wind blows free, and there is nothing to break the light of the sun. I was born where everything breathed a free breath. I want to die there. . .not within walls."

VOICE ONE:

So the government and the Indians reached a compromise. The tribes were given reservations in Indian territory. But they were also given permission to hunt buffalo in a wide area south of the reservations. The Indians agreed to give up all their old lands. They agreed to live in peace on the reservations.

In exchange, the United States promised to give the Indians all the food, clothing, and other things they needed. It also promised to give them schools and medical care.

VOICE TWO:

The Indians were not happy with this agreement. They did not want to give up their old ways of living. However, they saw they had no choice. The government was too strong.

They waited weeks, then months, for help to move to the new reservations. They could not understand the delay in carrying out the agreement. The delay was in Washington, D.C. Congress could not agree on how much money to spend on the Indians. So the lawmakers refused to approve the agreement. They left the situation unsettled.

Again, Indians were forced to watch angrily as white settlers began moving onto lands they had agreed to give up. As the whites moved in, the buffalo and other animals left. The Indians had difficulty finding food.

VOICE ONE:

Soldiers shared their food with the Indians. It was not enough. Western officials sent urgent messages to Washington asking for supplies for the Indians. No supplies could be sent until Congress approved the money to buy them.

As before, some of the Indians became angry and refused to wait any longer. Their anger led to new fighting. In the end, it was a fight that failed to win back their land.

That will be our story in the next program of THE MAKING OF A NATION.

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VOICE TWO:

You have been listening to the Special English program, THE MAKING OF A NATION. Your narrators were Sarah Long and Steve Ember. Our program was written by Frank Beardsley. Join us again next week at this time for another report about the history of the United States.

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