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By Jill Moss

Broadcast: Monday, August 07, 2006

This is the VOA Special English Development Report.

The World Health Organization estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis. Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their lungs. Two million people die from it.

Tuberculosis patient in India receives treatment, March 2006

The disease has increased with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis.

Current treatments take at least six months. People have to take a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop as soon as they feel better. Doing that can lead to an infection that resists treatment.

Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how effective it might be.

A professor of international health at Harvard University led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients cured. It would also mean fewer infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others.

The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They tested the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia.

The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might prevent about twenty-five percent of TB deaths.

The model shows that these reductions would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve.

The World Health Organization developed the DOTS program in nineteen ninety. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make sure they continue treatment.

Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan to expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research into new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.

And that's the VOA Special English Development Report, written by Jill Moss. The new study appears in Public Library of Science Medicine. This is an online research publication that can be read for free at p-l-o-s dot o-r-g. And you can read transcripts of our reports and listen online at www.voaspecialenglish.com. This is Shep O'Neal.

By Shelley Gollust

Broadcast: Monday, August 07, 2006

VOICE ONE:

Welcome to THIS IS AMERICA in VOA Special English. I'm Barbara Klein. For sports fans, August means different things.

For those who follow American football, August is traditionally when players begin training. For tennis lovers, the United States Open begins on August twenty-eighth in New York City.

For basketball fans -- well, they have a little time. The National Basketball Association just released its full list of games for the coming season. Opening night is October thirty-first.

Fans of stock car racing just had one of the major events of the NASCAR season, the Allstate Four-Hundred at the Brickyard.

So what have we left out? Oh yes, the boys -- and girls -- of summer. Little League baseball. Their World Series is August twenty-seventh in Williamsport, Pennsylvania.

A Washington Nationals baseball player carries baseballs, February 2006

As for the major leagues, their World Series is not until October. So we still have time to bring you some music and poetry of America's traditional pastime. Here are Shirley Griffith and Ray Freeman.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

Baseball expert Warner Fusselle writes that there are probably more than one thousand songs about baseball. The most popular is "Take Me Out to the Ball Game. " It was written in nineteen-oh-eight by Jack Norworth. He wrote it after seeing a sign about baseball in an underground train in New York City.

His friend, Albert Von Tilzer, put the words to music. Mister Norworth reportedly had never seen a Major League Baseball game. He did not see one until thirty-three years after he wrote the song.

VOICE THREE:

People still sing "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" during baseball games. Near the end of the game, people become tired of sitting on the hard seats. So, during a special time in the game, everyone stands up and stretches their arms and legs. This tradition is called "the seventh inning stretch. "

Everyone sings a song together. Most often, it is "Take Me Out to the Ball Game. " Here, it is sung by the National Pastime Orchestra and singers.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

Baseball expert Richard Miller writes that many songs about other subjects -- such as love -- use words and expressions from baseball. For example, in a song written in nineteen twelve, a woman tells her boyfriend that she will not like him unless he is a good baseball player. The song is called "If You Can't Make a Hit in a Ball Game, You Can't Make a Hit with Me. "

VOICE THREE:

In nineteen forty-three, George Moriarty wrote a song designed to support American forces fighting in World War Two. Mister Moriarty was a former baseball player and manager for the Detroit Tigers team. His song is called "You're Gonna Win That Ball Game, Uncle Sam. "

It is performed here by the National Pastime Orchestra and singers.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

Many songs have been written about America's baseball teams. These include the Brooklyn Dodgers, the Philadelphia Phillies, and the Chicago Cubs. Other songs have been written about famous baseball players: Babe Ruth, Jackie Robinson and Joe DiMaggio.

Some people think Joe DiMaggio was the greatest player in the history of baseball. He hit safely in a record fifty-six games in a row for the New York Yankees in nineteen forty-one. This record never has been broken.

That same year, Les Brown and his band recorded the song "Joltin' Joe DiMaggio." Betty Bonney sings about the way DiMaggio hit the ball very, very hard -- how he jolted it.

(MUSIC)

VOICE THREE:

In nineteen fifty-five, a popular musical play about baseball opened on Broadway in New York. It was called "Damn Yankees. " It was about a middle-aged man who gets a chance to play baseball for his team, the Washington Senators.

He plays against the best team in baseball, the New York Yankees. The Senators are not a very good team. Their manager wants them to play better. He urges them to play with all the feeling that is in their hearts. Here the cast of "Damn Yankees" sings "You Gotta Have Heart. "

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

In addition to the many songs written about baseball, there is a famous poem about the game, too. It is called "Casey at the Bat. "

A young man named Ernest Thayer wrote the poem in eighteen eighty-eight. It was published in the San Francisco Examiner newspaper. The poem still is popular today.

"Casey at the Bat" is about a baseball team from a town called Mudville. The team is losing an important game. The game is almost over. Mudville is depending on its best player, Casey, to win the game.

VOICE ONE:

The outlook wasn't brilliant for the Mudville nine that day;

The score stood four to two with but one inning more to play.

And then when Cooney died at first, and Barrows did the same,

A sickly silence fell upon the patrons of the game.

A straggling few got up to go in deep despair. The rest

Clung to that hope which springs eternal in the human breast;

They thought if only Casey could get but a whack at that --

We'd put up even money now with Casey at the bat.

VOICE THREE:

To the surprise of the crowd, two players hit the ball well. They reach second and third base. They are ready to score. Then it is Casey's turn at bat. He can win the game if he hits the ball hard enough so that he and the other players can cross home plate. That will give their team more points than their opponent.

VOICE ONE:

There was ease in Casey's manner as he stepped into his place;

There was pride in Casey's bearing and a smile on Casey's face.

And when, responding to the cheers, he lightly doffed his hat,

No stranger in the crowd could doubt 'twas Casey at the bat.

Ten thousand eyes were on him as he rubbed his hands with dirt;

Five thousand tongues applauded when he wiped them on his shirt.

Then while the writhing pitcher ground the ball into his hip,

Defiance gleamed in Casey's eye, a sneer curled Casey's lip.

VOICE THREE:

The opposing pitcher throws the ball. But Casey does not try to hit it. The pitcher throws the ball again. Again, Casey does not try to hit it. There are now two strikes against him. One more strike and he will be out. The game will be over. Will Casey finally hit the ball? Will he win the game? The crowd is sure he will.

VOICE ONE:

The sneer is gone from Casey's lip, his teeth are clenched in hate;

He pounds with cruel violence his bat upon the plate.

And now the pitcher holds the ball, and now he lets it go,

And now the air is shattered by the force of Casey's blow.

Oh, somewhere in this favored land the sun is shining bright;

The band is playing somewhere, and somewhere hearts are light,

And somewhere men are laughing, and somewhere children shout;

But there is no joy in Mudville -- mighty Casey has struck out.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

Our program was written by Shelley Gollust and read by Shirley Griffith and Ray Freeman. I'm Barbara Klein. You can download archives of our shows and listen online at www.voaspecialenglish.com. And we hope you can join us again next week for THIS IS AMERICA in VOA Special English.

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