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Microbicides to Protect Women From AIDS Move Into Final Tests

Written by Jill Moss

December 25th, 2006

This is the VOA Special English Development Report.

Right now, the top story in AIDS research involves newly announced findings about adult male circumcision. Two studies in Africa found that circumcised men had half the risk of getting H.I.V. from sex with women as uncircumcised men had.

Researchers declared an early end to the studies in Kenya and Uganda so all the men involved could be offered the operation.

The findings are important. But so is news of progress on microbicides that could help protect women against the AIDS virus.

The Global Campaign for Microbicides says more than sixty products or compounds are under development. Several have reached the last part of the testing process or will enter final testing soon. At this time, no effective microbicides are available.

Women would use a microbicide cream or gel before sex. It might be designed, for example, to kill or inactivate the virus, or to create a physical barrier to guard the cell wall in the body.

The Population Council, a nonprofit group in New York, has been working for seventeen years to develop a microbicide. Its leading candidate is a product called Carraguard. Carraguard is made from carrageenan -- the underwater plant material better known as seaweed.

Final testing of Carraguard for safety and effectiveness is taking place in South Africa. The product is being tested in more than six thousand women for up to two years. The study closes in March. Results are expected within a year after that.

If Carraguard passes the tests, the Population Council is expected to seek approval for it in South Africa and the United States.

The group notes that the first microbicides are expected to be effective forty to seventy percent of the time. Still, many cases of H.I.V. could be prevented.

In some cases, nonprofit groups have been developing microbicides with compounds produced by major drug companies.

AIDS experts say microbicides could give women more control over their bodies. Women often lack the power to demand that their partner use a condom.

Worldwide, almost half of adults with H.I.V. and AIDS are women. But the United Nations says women are victims of sixty percent of new infections. It estimates that more than four million people have become infected with the virus this year and three million people have died.

And that's the VOA Special English Development Report, written by Jill Moss. You can learn more about H.I.V. and AIDS at voaspecialenglish.com. I’m Faith Lapidus.

Christmas in America: Music and Traditions of a Merry Season

Written by Jerilyn Watson

December 25th, 2006

VOICE ONE:

Welcome to THIS IS AMERICA in VOA Special English. I'm Barbara Klein.

VOICE TWO:

And I'm Steve Ember.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

For millions of Americans, the most wonderful day of the year is December twenty-fifth -- Christmas.

For one thing, it marks the end of the most busy time of year. Many people need a rest after weeks of buying gifts, going to parties, organizing travel and getting their homes ready for the holiday.

VOICE TWO:

With all this, it is often said that Christmas has lost its meaning as the birthday of Jesus Christ. Some churches in the United States have cancelled Christmas Day services, so people can spend the day with their families. This was even true last year when Christmas came on a Sunday, the traditional day of worship.

These churches still offer Christmas Eve services, though. And many Christians still go to church on Christmas Day or the night before. They consider it an important part of celebrating the holiday.

Another important part of the Christmas season is music. Among traditional carols, one of the most popular is "Silent Night."

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

Most Americans identify themselves as Christian, even if they are not very religious. But the freedom to choose any religion, or no religion at all, is guaranteed by the Constitution. The Constitution separates religion and government.

Yet each year brings disputes over holiday observances that some may see as too religious for public schools or other public places.

Others say the real problem is too much political correctness; things like saying "Happy Holidays" when people mean "Merry Christmas." They say people should not be so worried about the risk of offending a stranger.

VOICE TWO:

But not all Americans celebrate Christmas. And even those who do might not celebrate it as a religious holiday. This is true of Christians as well as non-Christians. Still, they treat it as a special day.

And it is hard to think of anyone that Christmas is more special for than children. Of course, this has a lot to do with the tradition of a kindly old man with a big belly and a bright red suit. Children know Santa Claus as the one who leaves gifts under the tree on Christmas Eve.

But only if they are good little children and go to sleep.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

Stores crowded with holiday gift buyers may be good for the economy. But some people celebrate Christmas in less material ways. For example, they volunteer to serve meals at shelters for the homeless or visit old people in nursing homes. To them, this is honoring the true spirit of Christmas.

VOICE TWO:

Christmastime centers on home and family.

Once people bring home a Christmas tree, they may struggle with setting it up so it does not fall over. But then they enjoy decorating it with colorful lights and ornaments.

In some families, the tradition is to open gifts on Christmas Eve. In others, though, people wait until Christmas morning to open their presents.

A big Christmas dinner is a tradition in many families. And so are special treats like Christmas cookies covered in powdered sugar.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

Many people travel long distances to be home with their families at Christmas. But not everyone is able to be with loved ones. For some, Christmas can be a lonely time. Most businesses and public places are closed for the holiday. But some restaurants stay open and serve Christmas dinner.

A retired man in Washington, D.C., says he enjoys his Christmas dinner at a local restaurant. In fact, he says that after spending several Christmases there, he has become friends with other people who spend their Christmases there, too.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

Caroling is a Christmas tradition that goes back hundreds of years. Sometimes carolers walk along a street and the group stops at each house to sing a song. Other times they gather in a public place. Carolers may visit places like shopping centers, hospitals and nursing homes. School choruses are often invited to sing songs of the holiday season.

And, of course, caroling can be found in churches. Listen as the choir of Trinity Church in Boston sings "Carol of the Bells."

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

December is usually also the time of the ancient Jewish holiday of Hanukkah; this year it began at sundown on December fifteenth. The eight-day Festival of Lights honors the rededication of the Temple in Jerusalem after the Maccabees defeated King Atiochus of Syria.

Muslims will celebrate the holiday of Eid al-Adha in January. The Feast of Sacrifice marks the end of the yearly pilgrimage to Mecca.

VOICE TWO:

Most black Americans celebrate Christmas. But after Christmas, from December twenty-sixth to January first, many also celebrate Kwanzaa. This African-American holiday honors culture, community and family. The name comes from a Swahili term meaning "first fruits." Kwanzaa started during the nineteen-sixties, an important period in the modern civil rights movement.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

For many children, a favorite Christmas tradition is watching a performance of the ballet "The Nutcracker." The Russian composer Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky wrote the music in eighteen ninety-one. "The Nutcracker" is a story told in dance about a young girl named Clara.

Clara is celebrating Christmas with her family and friends. One of her gifts is a wooden nutcracker shaped like a toy soldier. Clara is shown how to put a nut in the mouth to break the shell open with the head. But she dreams that the nutcracker comes to life as a good-looking prince.

VOICE TWO:

We leave you with the Philadelphia Orchestra under Eugene Ormandy performing "The Waltz of the Flowers" from "The Nutcracker."

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE:

Our program was written by Jerilyn Watson and produced by Caty Weaver. I'm Barbara Klein.

VOICE TWO:

And I'm Steve Ember. You can find archives of our programs on the Web at voaspecialenglish.com. And we hope you can join us again next week for THIS IS AMERICA in VOA Special English.

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