浅谈瞬间性动词与段时间状语连用的几种情况<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />

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请看下面这道中考单项选择题：

---How long may I _______ this book?

---Two weeks.

A. borrow   B. read   C. keep   D. take

命题人提供的标准答案是C,命题的目的在于考查考生对borrow这一动词的瞬间性词义不可与段时间状语连用这一语言知识点的掌握和运用情况。

笔者认为C选项固然可以填空，但A选项borrow也不能排除，因为borrow并不只是一个瞬间性动词。请看Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (1997年9月第1版)对borrow一词的解释：“to use something that belongs to someone else and that you must give back to them later”(借用)，由此可以看出其具有延续性动词的意义。

再看Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (1993年4月第1版)第109页的例句：

Can I borrow your pen for a moment?

我可以借你的钢笔用一会儿吗？

He borrowed a car from a friend for a few days.

他向朋友借一辆车用了几天。

由此可见，borrow与 for…段时间状语连用并不错，上题的答案不唯一，A选项也可以填空。

其实，瞬间性动词在下列几种情况下可以与段时间状语连用：

一 .瞬间性动词表示延续性词义的时候

有些瞬间性动词可以表示延续性词义，这时它们就可以与段时间状语连用了。例如：

I’m going away for a few days.(《牛津高阶英汉双解辞典》第4版第573页)

我要出去几天。(go away 表示travel)

I went to Paris for two weeks. (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (1993年4月第1版)第19页)

我去了巴黎两个星期。(go to表示 visit)

We go to the seaside for a week every August.(Michael Swan著，Oxford University Press出版《英语学习》编辑部编译的 Practical English Usage第245条)

我们每年八月都要到海滨度过一个星期。(go 表示travel)

She left me waiting in the rain for an hour.

她让我在雨里等了一个小时。(leave表示cause sb/sth to be or remain in a particular state or position 即“使……处于某一特定的状态”)

二. 瞬间性动词的否定形式

瞬间性动词的否定形式可以表示某一状态，这时，可以与段时间状语连用。例如：

I haven’t received his letter for three months.

我已经三个月没有收到他的来信了。

Don’t get off until the bus stops.

等车停了再下车。（停车之前要处于呆在车上的状态）

That house has been closed since last Monday.

这房子自从上周一就一直关着。

三.      瞬间性动词的被动结构

“be+瞬间性动词的过去分词”即系表结构也可以表示状态，因此也可以与段时间状语连用。例如：

The ca has been bought for five years.

这车已经买了五年了。

They have been married for ten years.

他们结婚已经十年了。

The book has been lost for a week.

那书已经丢了一周了。

段时间概念可以有多种不同的表达方式。试比较：

Tom到了三十分钟了。

方法1：Tom has been here for 30 minutes.

方法2：It’s 30 minutes since Tom arrived.

方法3：Tom got here 30 minutes ago.

        Alice 直到她妈妈回来了才睡觉。

方法1：Alice didn’t go to bed until her mother came back.

方法2：Alice stayed up until her mother came back.

        你们认识多长时间了？

方法1：How long have you known each other?

方法2：How long ago did you get to know each other?

方法3：How long is it since you got to know each other?

Exercises:

根据汉语完成句子：

1.     火车离开已经十五分钟了。

The train ________ ________ _______ for fifteen minutes.

______ fifteen minutes _______ the train left.

2.     我直到夜里十二点才睡觉。

I ______ _______ _______ ________ until 12 at night.

I ______ _______ until 12 at night.

3.     他戒烟已经三个月了。

_______ three months ________ he ________ _________ smoking.

He _______ ________ for three months.

4.     他爸爸去世已经三年了。

His father _______ ________ _______ ________.

His father _______ ________ ________ for three years.

________ three years _______ his father ________.

参考答案：

1. has been away      It’s since
2. didn’t go to bed      stayed up
3. It’s since gave up      hasn’t smoked
4. died three years ago     has been dead      It’s since died